Agora Podcasts

  • Welcome
  • TRUTH AND REALITY, Podcast #1, audio: Does it Matter?
    • TRUTH AND REALITY PODCAST #2, audio, Persuasion >
      • TRUTH AND REALITY, PODCAST #3, audio: Universal Truth >
        • Script #1: Does it Matter?
        • Truth and Reality Podcast #2 script: Persuasion
        • Truth and Reality Script #3—PDF
  • Education for Democracy
    • 1. Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • 2. Laboratories of the Soul
    • 3. THE ART OF DIALECTIC
  • Podcast Scripts
    • Podcast #1: Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • Podcast #2: Laboratories of the Soul
    • Podcast #3: The Art of Dialectic
    • Podcast #4: Reason and the Art of Life
  • Podcast Archives
    • Ethics in a Democracy >
      • 1. Ethics in a Democracy (30 minutes)
      • 2. Ethics and Religion, Part 1 (27 minutes)
      • 3. Ethics and Religion, Part 2 (22 minutes)
      • 4. Democracy vs. Oligarchy (26 minutes)
      • 5. Morality (26 minutes)
      • 6. Universal Moral Law (26 minutes)
      • 7. The Enlightenment (24 minutes)
      • 8. Rethinking Immanuel Kant (29 minutes)
      • 9. Minimal Morality (30 minutes)
    • World Community >
      • 1. Roots of Community (33 minutes)
      • 2. The Rise of Nationalism (32 minutes) >
        • ETHICS IN A DEMOCRACY >
          • Podcast #1: What is Democracy?
          • Truth and Reality Podcast #1, script: Does it Matter?
          • Podcast #2: Ethics and Religion, Part 1
          • Podcast #3: Ethics and Religion, Part 2
          • Podcast #4: Democracy vs. Oligarchy
          • Podcast #5: Morality
          • Podcast #6: Universal Moral Law
          • Podcast #7: The Enlightenment
          • Podcast #8: Rethinking Immanuel Kant
          • Podcast #9: Minimal Morality
      • 3. Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire (30 minutes)
      • 4. The Future of the American Empire (30 minutes)
      • 5. Ethical and Political Foundations of Community (33 minutes)
      • 6. The Dilemma of Nationalism (30 minutes)
      • 7. Postmodern Politics (31 minutes)
      • 8. Universal Values for a World Community (29 minutes)
      • 9. The Cosmopolitan Idea (32 minutes)
      • 10. Using the Cosmopolitan Idea (25 minutes)
      • 11. Swords and Plowshares (44 minutes)
    • Human Nature >
      • 1. Evolution and Genetics (24 minutes)
      • 2. Artificial Intelligence (23 minutes): Minds and Machines
      • 3: Artificial Intelligence
      • 4. Human Values (22 minutes)
      • 5. Managing Happiness (28 minutes)
      • 6. The Meaning of Life ((28 minutes)
      • 7. Recycling Souls (29 minutes)
      • 8. Manifesting Mind (31 minutes)
      • 9. Mind and Matter (28 minutes)
      • 10. Ideas and Human Nature (37 minutes)
    • Podcast Scripts >
      • HUMAN NATURE >
        • Podcast #1: Evolution and Genetics
        • Podcast #2: Minds and Machines
        • Podcast #3: Human Values
        • Podcast #4: Artificial Intelligence
        • Podcast #5: Managing Happiness
        • Podcast #6: The Meaning of Life
        • Podcast #7: Recycling Souls
        • Podcast #8: Manifesting Mind
        • Podcast #9: Mind and Matter
        • Podcast #10: Ideas and Human Nature
      • WORLD COMMUNITY >
        • Podcast #1: The Roots of Community
        • Podcast #2: The Rise of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #3: Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire
        • Podcast #4: The Future of the American Empire
        • Podcast #5: Ethical and Political Foundations of Community
        • Podcast #6: The Dilemma of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #7: Postmodern Politics
        • Podcast #8: Universal Values for a World Community
        • Podcast #9: The Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #10: Using the Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #11: Swords and Plowshares: A Bold Proposal
    • TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS >
      • Reason and the Art of Life, 2014
      • Why Dialogue?
      • Logical Reasoning
      • Declarations of Freedom and Human Dignity >
        • Declaration of Independence
        • Bill of Rights
        • Rights of Man and Citizens
        • Statute of Religious Freedom
        • Declaration of Sentiments
        • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
        • Rights of the Child
        • Rio Declaration on Environment
      • About Agora >
        • Contact Agora
  • Link Page
  • Welcome
  • TRUTH AND REALITY, Podcast #1, audio: Does it Matter?
    • TRUTH AND REALITY PODCAST #2, audio, Persuasion >
      • TRUTH AND REALITY, PODCAST #3, audio: Universal Truth >
        • Script #1: Does it Matter?
        • Truth and Reality Podcast #2 script: Persuasion
        • Truth and Reality Script #3—PDF
  • Education for Democracy
    • 1. Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • 2. Laboratories of the Soul
    • 3. THE ART OF DIALECTIC
  • Podcast Scripts
    • Podcast #1: Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • Podcast #2: Laboratories of the Soul
    • Podcast #3: The Art of Dialectic
    • Podcast #4: Reason and the Art of Life
  • Podcast Archives
    • Ethics in a Democracy >
      • 1. Ethics in a Democracy (30 minutes)
      • 2. Ethics and Religion, Part 1 (27 minutes)
      • 3. Ethics and Religion, Part 2 (22 minutes)
      • 4. Democracy vs. Oligarchy (26 minutes)
      • 5. Morality (26 minutes)
      • 6. Universal Moral Law (26 minutes)
      • 7. The Enlightenment (24 minutes)
      • 8. Rethinking Immanuel Kant (29 minutes)
      • 9. Minimal Morality (30 minutes)
    • World Community >
      • 1. Roots of Community (33 minutes)
      • 2. The Rise of Nationalism (32 minutes) >
        • ETHICS IN A DEMOCRACY >
          • Podcast #1: What is Democracy?
          • Truth and Reality Podcast #1, script: Does it Matter?
          • Podcast #2: Ethics and Religion, Part 1
          • Podcast #3: Ethics and Religion, Part 2
          • Podcast #4: Democracy vs. Oligarchy
          • Podcast #5: Morality
          • Podcast #6: Universal Moral Law
          • Podcast #7: The Enlightenment
          • Podcast #8: Rethinking Immanuel Kant
          • Podcast #9: Minimal Morality
      • 3. Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire (30 minutes)
      • 4. The Future of the American Empire (30 minutes)
      • 5. Ethical and Political Foundations of Community (33 minutes)
      • 6. The Dilemma of Nationalism (30 minutes)
      • 7. Postmodern Politics (31 minutes)
      • 8. Universal Values for a World Community (29 minutes)
      • 9. The Cosmopolitan Idea (32 minutes)
      • 10. Using the Cosmopolitan Idea (25 minutes)
      • 11. Swords and Plowshares (44 minutes)
    • Human Nature >
      • 1. Evolution and Genetics (24 minutes)
      • 2. Artificial Intelligence (23 minutes): Minds and Machines
      • 3: Artificial Intelligence
      • 4. Human Values (22 minutes)
      • 5. Managing Happiness (28 minutes)
      • 6. The Meaning of Life ((28 minutes)
      • 7. Recycling Souls (29 minutes)
      • 8. Manifesting Mind (31 minutes)
      • 9. Mind and Matter (28 minutes)
      • 10. Ideas and Human Nature (37 minutes)
    • Podcast Scripts >
      • HUMAN NATURE >
        • Podcast #1: Evolution and Genetics
        • Podcast #2: Minds and Machines
        • Podcast #3: Human Values
        • Podcast #4: Artificial Intelligence
        • Podcast #5: Managing Happiness
        • Podcast #6: The Meaning of Life
        • Podcast #7: Recycling Souls
        • Podcast #8: Manifesting Mind
        • Podcast #9: Mind and Matter
        • Podcast #10: Ideas and Human Nature
      • WORLD COMMUNITY >
        • Podcast #1: The Roots of Community
        • Podcast #2: The Rise of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #3: Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire
        • Podcast #4: The Future of the American Empire
        • Podcast #5: Ethical and Political Foundations of Community
        • Podcast #6: The Dilemma of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #7: Postmodern Politics
        • Podcast #8: Universal Values for a World Community
        • Podcast #9: The Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #10: Using the Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #11: Swords and Plowshares: A Bold Proposal
    • TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS >
      • Reason and the Art of Life, 2014
      • Why Dialogue?
      • Logical Reasoning
      • Declarations of Freedom and Human Dignity >
        • Declaration of Independence
        • Bill of Rights
        • Rights of Man and Citizens
        • Statute of Religious Freedom
        • Declaration of Sentiments
        • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
        • Rights of the Child
        • Rio Declaration on Environment
      • About Agora >
        • Contact Agora
  • Link Page
DECLARATION

OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN

AND OF CITIZENS

BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

OF FRANCE

VOTED ON AUGUST 26, 1789

The representatives of the French people,      formed into a National Assembly, deem that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man, are the sole causes of public misfortunes    and of the corruption of governments. They resolved to publish in a solemn declaration the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man        so that this declaration, continually present before all members of the social body, will constantly remind them of their rights and duties. The laws   of the legislative bodies and the decrees of the executive authorities, which can at each instance    be compared with the purpose of every political institution, will thus be more respected, so that    the future claims of citizens, based on simple      and incontestable principles, will always lead        to the preservation of the Constitution and to        the happiness of all.

For these reasons, the National Assembly recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and citizens:

First Article: Men are born and con-      tinue to be free by possessing equal rights.     Social distinctions may be based only on       general utility.

Second Article: Every political association has as its purpose the conservation of the        natural and inviolable rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance         to oppression.

Third Article: The source of all sovereignty lies essentially in the nation. No association or individual may exercise authority that does not explicitly proceed from it.

Fourth Article: Liberty consists in being able to do whatever does not harm another.      Thus the exercise of the natural rights of each    man has no other limits than those which   guarantee the other members of society the exer- cise of these same rights. These limits can only            be specified by law.

Fifth Article: The law has the right only            to prohibit actions harmful to society. Whatever   the law does not prohibit may not be prevented,  and no one may be compelled to do what it does  not prescribe.

Sixth Article: The law manifests the  general will. All citizens have the right to participate in      its formation directly or by their representative.      It should be the same for all, whether it protects    or punishes. All citizens, since they are equal in    its eyes, are equally admissible to every rank, office, and public employment, according to their competencies and without any other distinction  than that of their integrity and talents.

Seventh Article: No man may be in-    dicted, arrested, or jailed, except for matters deter-     mined by law, and following the procedures       that it prescribes. Those who solicit, expedite, execute, or cause the execution of arbitrary    orders, ought to be punished; but every citizen summoned or subpoenaed in the name of the      law ought to obey instantly; resistance renders        a citizen culpable.

Eighth Article: The law ought to establish no other penalties than those that are strictly        and obviously necessary. No one may be   punished except under the terms of a law that         is established and published before the offense   and enforced legally.

Ninth Article: Every man is presumed innocent until found guilty. If it is judged essen-  tial to arrest a man, any duress not necessary         to restrain him should be severely curbed by        the law.

Tenth Article: No one should be harassed for personal opinions, even for religious ones, provided that their disclosure does not infringe on the public order established by the law.

Eleventh Article: Free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man. Every citizen may speak, write,    and publish freely, except when accountable for   an abuse of this liberty in cases established by     the law.

Twelfth Article: Guarantee of the rights     of man and of citizens requires a police force.    This force is established for the benefit of all,      not for the particular use of those to whom it is entrusted.

Thirteenth Article: A public tax is essen- tial to maintain the police force and to defray administrative expenses. It should be divided equally among all citizens in proportion to their resources.

Fourteenth Article: All citizens have        the right to ascertain either by themselves or       their representatives the necessity of a public        tax and freely authorize it, attend to its use,          and determine its allotment, amount, payment,    and duration.

Fifteenth Article: Society has the right to require of all public agents an account of their administration.

Sixteenth Article: Any society in which   the guarantee of rights is not assured and the separation of powers is not established has no constitution at all.

Seventeenth Article: Since property is       an inviolable and sacred right, no one may            be deprived of it unless public necessity deter-mined by the law clearly requires it on the  condition of a just and prior compensation.