Agora Podcasts

  • Welcome
  • TRUTH AND REALITY, Podcast #1, audio: Does it Matter?
    • TRUTH AND REALITY PODCAST #2, audio, Persuasion >
      • TRUTH AND REALITY, PODCAST #3, audio: Universal Truth >
        • Script #1: Does it Matter?
        • Truth and Reality Podcast #2 script: Persuasion
        • Truth and Reality Script #3—PDF
  • Education for Democracy
    • 1. Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • 2. Laboratories of the Soul
    • 3. THE ART OF DIALECTIC
  • Podcast Scripts
    • Podcast #1: Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • Podcast #2: Laboratories of the Soul
    • Podcast #3: The Art of Dialectic
    • Podcast #4: Reason and the Art of Life
  • Podcast Archives
    • Ethics in a Democracy >
      • 1. Ethics in a Democracy (30 minutes)
      • 2. Ethics and Religion, Part 1 (27 minutes)
      • 3. Ethics and Religion, Part 2 (22 minutes)
      • 4. Democracy vs. Oligarchy (26 minutes)
      • 5. Morality (26 minutes)
      • 6. Universal Moral Law (26 minutes)
      • 7. The Enlightenment (24 minutes)
      • 8. Rethinking Immanuel Kant (29 minutes)
      • 9. Minimal Morality (30 minutes)
    • World Community >
      • 1. Roots of Community (33 minutes)
      • 2. The Rise of Nationalism (32 minutes) >
        • ETHICS IN A DEMOCRACY >
          • Podcast #1: What is Democracy?
          • Truth and Reality Podcast #1, script: Does it Matter?
          • Podcast #2: Ethics and Religion, Part 1
          • Podcast #3: Ethics and Religion, Part 2
          • Podcast #4: Democracy vs. Oligarchy
          • Podcast #5: Morality
          • Podcast #6: Universal Moral Law
          • Podcast #7: The Enlightenment
          • Podcast #8: Rethinking Immanuel Kant
          • Podcast #9: Minimal Morality
      • 3. Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire (30 minutes)
      • 4. The Future of the American Empire (30 minutes)
      • 5. Ethical and Political Foundations of Community (33 minutes)
      • 6. The Dilemma of Nationalism (30 minutes)
      • 7. Postmodern Politics (31 minutes)
      • 8. Universal Values for a World Community (29 minutes)
      • 9. The Cosmopolitan Idea (32 minutes)
      • 10. Using the Cosmopolitan Idea (25 minutes)
      • 11. Swords and Plowshares (44 minutes)
    • Human Nature >
      • 1. Evolution and Genetics (24 minutes)
      • 2. Artificial Intelligence (23 minutes): Minds and Machines
      • 3: Artificial Intelligence
      • 4. Human Values (22 minutes)
      • 5. Managing Happiness (28 minutes)
      • 6. The Meaning of Life ((28 minutes)
      • 7. Recycling Souls (29 minutes)
      • 8. Manifesting Mind (31 minutes)
      • 9. Mind and Matter (28 minutes)
      • 10. Ideas and Human Nature (37 minutes)
    • Podcast Scripts >
      • HUMAN NATURE >
        • Podcast #1: Evolution and Genetics
        • Podcast #2: Minds and Machines
        • Podcast #3: Human Values
        • Podcast #4: Artificial Intelligence
        • Podcast #5: Managing Happiness
        • Podcast #6: The Meaning of Life
        • Podcast #7: Recycling Souls
        • Podcast #8: Manifesting Mind
        • Podcast #9: Mind and Matter
        • Podcast #10: Ideas and Human Nature
      • WORLD COMMUNITY >
        • Podcast #1: The Roots of Community
        • Podcast #2: The Rise of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #3: Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire
        • Podcast #4: The Future of the American Empire
        • Podcast #5: Ethical and Political Foundations of Community
        • Podcast #6: The Dilemma of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #7: Postmodern Politics
        • Podcast #8: Universal Values for a World Community
        • Podcast #9: The Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #10: Using the Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #11: Swords and Plowshares: A Bold Proposal
    • TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS >
      • Reason and the Art of Life, 2014
      • Why Dialogue?
      • Logical Reasoning
      • Declarations of Freedom and Human Dignity >
        • Declaration of Independence
        • Bill of Rights
        • Rights of Man and Citizens
        • Statute of Religious Freedom
        • Declaration of Sentiments
        • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
        • Rights of the Child
        • Rio Declaration on Environment
      • About Agora >
        • Contact Agora
  • Link Page
  • Welcome
  • TRUTH AND REALITY, Podcast #1, audio: Does it Matter?
    • TRUTH AND REALITY PODCAST #2, audio, Persuasion >
      • TRUTH AND REALITY, PODCAST #3, audio: Universal Truth >
        • Script #1: Does it Matter?
        • Truth and Reality Podcast #2 script: Persuasion
        • Truth and Reality Script #3—PDF
  • Education for Democracy
    • 1. Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • 2. Laboratories of the Soul
    • 3. THE ART OF DIALECTIC
  • Podcast Scripts
    • Podcast #1: Reason in Science and the Humanities
    • Podcast #2: Laboratories of the Soul
    • Podcast #3: The Art of Dialectic
    • Podcast #4: Reason and the Art of Life
  • Podcast Archives
    • Ethics in a Democracy >
      • 1. Ethics in a Democracy (30 minutes)
      • 2. Ethics and Religion, Part 1 (27 minutes)
      • 3. Ethics and Religion, Part 2 (22 minutes)
      • 4. Democracy vs. Oligarchy (26 minutes)
      • 5. Morality (26 minutes)
      • 6. Universal Moral Law (26 minutes)
      • 7. The Enlightenment (24 minutes)
      • 8. Rethinking Immanuel Kant (29 minutes)
      • 9. Minimal Morality (30 minutes)
    • World Community >
      • 1. Roots of Community (33 minutes)
      • 2. The Rise of Nationalism (32 minutes) >
        • ETHICS IN A DEMOCRACY >
          • Podcast #1: What is Democracy?
          • Truth and Reality Podcast #1, script: Does it Matter?
          • Podcast #2: Ethics and Religion, Part 1
          • Podcast #3: Ethics and Religion, Part 2
          • Podcast #4: Democracy vs. Oligarchy
          • Podcast #5: Morality
          • Podcast #6: Universal Moral Law
          • Podcast #7: The Enlightenment
          • Podcast #8: Rethinking Immanuel Kant
          • Podcast #9: Minimal Morality
      • 3. Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire (30 minutes)
      • 4. The Future of the American Empire (30 minutes)
      • 5. Ethical and Political Foundations of Community (33 minutes)
      • 6. The Dilemma of Nationalism (30 minutes)
      • 7. Postmodern Politics (31 minutes)
      • 8. Universal Values for a World Community (29 minutes)
      • 9. The Cosmopolitan Idea (32 minutes)
      • 10. Using the Cosmopolitan Idea (25 minutes)
      • 11. Swords and Plowshares (44 minutes)
    • Human Nature >
      • 1. Evolution and Genetics (24 minutes)
      • 2. Artificial Intelligence (23 minutes): Minds and Machines
      • 3: Artificial Intelligence
      • 4. Human Values (22 minutes)
      • 5. Managing Happiness (28 minutes)
      • 6. The Meaning of Life ((28 minutes)
      • 7. Recycling Souls (29 minutes)
      • 8. Manifesting Mind (31 minutes)
      • 9. Mind and Matter (28 minutes)
      • 10. Ideas and Human Nature (37 minutes)
    • Podcast Scripts >
      • HUMAN NATURE >
        • Podcast #1: Evolution and Genetics
        • Podcast #2: Minds and Machines
        • Podcast #3: Human Values
        • Podcast #4: Artificial Intelligence
        • Podcast #5: Managing Happiness
        • Podcast #6: The Meaning of Life
        • Podcast #7: Recycling Souls
        • Podcast #8: Manifesting Mind
        • Podcast #9: Mind and Matter
        • Podcast #10: Ideas and Human Nature
      • WORLD COMMUNITY >
        • Podcast #1: The Roots of Community
        • Podcast #2: The Rise of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #3: Truth, Reality, and the Growth of Empire
        • Podcast #4: The Future of the American Empire
        • Podcast #5: Ethical and Political Foundations of Community
        • Podcast #6: The Dilemma of Nationalism in the Modern World
        • Podcast #7: Postmodern Politics
        • Podcast #8: Universal Values for a World Community
        • Podcast #9: The Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #10: Using the Cosmopolitan Idea
        • Podcast #11: Swords and Plowshares: A Bold Proposal
    • TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS >
      • Reason and the Art of Life, 2014
      • Why Dialogue?
      • Logical Reasoning
      • Declarations of Freedom and Human Dignity >
        • Declaration of Independence
        • Bill of Rights
        • Rights of Man and Citizens
        • Statute of Religious Freedom
        • Declaration of Sentiments
        • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
        • Rights of the Child
        • Rio Declaration on Environment
      • About Agora >
        • Contact Agora
  • Link Page
RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT


ADOPTED AT THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE

“EARTH SUMMIT ”

AT RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

ON JUNE 14, 1992


The Rio Declaration aimed to establish a new and equitable global partnership on environment and development through cooperation among States, key sectors of society, and individuals. It was hoped that the Declaration would serve as a basis for future negotiation of an Earth Charter that could be approved on the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations in 1995. The Declaration consisted  of the following 27 principles:

1. Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

2. States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment  of other States or of areas beyond the limits              of national jurisdiction.

3. The right to development must be fulfilled so as  to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

4. In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

5. All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.

6. The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the field of environment and development should also address the interests and needs of all countries.

7. States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect, and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem.  In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on       the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.

8. To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce  and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demo-graphic policies.

9. States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for sustainable development by  improving scientific understanding through exchange of scientific and technological knowledge, and by en-hancing the development, adaptation, diffusion,    and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.

10. Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and    the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage  public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

11. States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives, and priorities should reflect the en-vironmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries  may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries.

12. States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.

13. States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law  regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond   their jurisdiction.

14. States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human health.

15. In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of   full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

16. National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the   use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.

17. Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.

18. States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies that   are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall   be made by the international community to help States so afflicted.

19. States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on activities that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with those States at an early stage and in good faith.

20. Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participa­tion is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development.

21. The creativity, ideals, and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all.

22. Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional   practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture, and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development.

23. The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination, and occupation shall be protected.

24. Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and co-operate in its further development, as necessary.

25. Peace, development, and environmental protec-tion are interdependent and indivisible.

26. States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

27. States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfillment of the principles embodied in this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development.